Thailand’s Uneasy Path to Democracy: Rise of the Youth and Urgent Calls
Pandit Chanrochanakit
Professor, Chulalongkorn University
Background
Democracy in Thailand has declined since the September 19, 2006 Coup d’état. The 2006 junta ousted then Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra (Thai Rak Thai Party or TRT) who was extremely popular and who was largely supported by the lower middle class in the country’s developing provinces. Thaksin’s government created policies that benefited the poor and lower middle class, for example the 30 THB universal health care scheme, the One million THB Fund per Village, and the One Tambol One Product (OTOP) program. These programs were condemned as populist policies and it was suggested that they were designed for advance vote-buying by using taxpayers’ money. Thaksin’s government was condemned for being corrupt and for being a ‘parliamentary dictator’. In response to Thaksin’s popularity and controversial policies, his opponents founded the People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD, a pro-monarchy and ultra- royalist group usually wearing yellow shirts (by which they went on to become nicknamed as) and rallied against him. As a result, the Council for National Security (CNS) staged a coup d'état on September 19, 2006 while Thaksin Shinawatra was waiting to give his speech as Prime Minister of Thailand at the United Nations. He cancelled his speech once he realized that he was no longer in power.1 Thaksin was charged with several cases of corruption and awaited trial. He finally fled the country for good after taking a trip to the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games.2 The Thai Rak Thai Party was dissolved after the Constitutional Court ruled that it was guilty of paying small parties to run against it in an election in April 2006 in order to satisfy a requirement for minimum participation. As a result, Thaksin and 110 other executives of the party were banned from participating in politics for five years.3 However, former TRT members joined the People’s Power Party (PPP) under the leadership of Samak Sundaravej. The PPP won 233 seats in the December 23, 2007 general election. Samak became PM but he faced a court verdict that he had violated the Constitution by accepting payments to appear on a cooking show on television while in office. That ended Samak’s political life. Somchai Wongsawat, Thaksin’s brother-in-law, succeeded Samak and became PM.The PAD did not let Somchai take up office easily, they blocked the parliament and government headquarters preventing him from entering his office. The Constitutional Court dissolved the PPP and its coalition on the grounds of electoral fraud.4 The former PPP members had to then organize a new political party, the Pheu Thai Party. The court verdict paved the way for Abhisit Vejajiva from the Democrat Party to become Prime Minister. The PPP supporters realized that their votes were stolen by a series of attacks from Thai elites whose actions were meant to take down all of Thaksin’s men. They felt an enormous amount of injustice. As a result, PPP’s supporters founded the United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship (UDD aka Red Shirts) and rallied on the streets calling for Abhisit to step down as PM and call a new election. However, the Abhisit government deployed the army to crack down on the demonstrations on April 10 and from May 18-21, 2010. As a result, more than 100 died and 2,000 were injured. The Abhisit government dissolved parliament in late 2010 setting a general election for July 2, 2011.
Yingluck Shinawatra, Thaksin’s younger sister, led the Pheu Thai Party and won the election. She became the first female Prime Minister of Thailand. Yingluck’s government tried to propose a blanket amnesty bill in late 2013 expecting that the draft bill would please all sides. On the contrary, it sparked anti-government movements. The anti-Thaksin and Yingluck coalitions, the so-called ‘People’s Democratic Reform Commission (PDRC) took to the streets and blocked government offices for several months, calling for the army to intervene and to oust the Yingluck government. Yingluck stepped down on December 10, 2013 and called for a general election on February 2, 2014. Thus, the PDRC were not satisfied. They asked their supporters to block ballot stations in order to shutdown the Thaksin regime. Even though more than half of Thailand’s provinces, 59 out of 77 provinces, proceeded with 100% of their ballot stations opening without any disruption, the Constitutional Court ruled that the general election was void. The interim government had no choice but to call for a new date. As a result, the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) comprised of army leaders staged a coup on May 22, 2014.
A Quarter Democracy: Thailand under a Façade of a Constitution
The junta’s leader Gen Prayuth Chan-o-cha announced that its first plan was to return to civilian government in 2015. However, the first draft of the constitution was aborted because it failed to satisfy the national assembly. A new drafting committee was set up and led by Meechai Ruechupan, a well-known and experienced figure who had served various earlier juntas. In the meantime, the junta kept postponing the roadmap to return to democracy even though they were under pressure from the international community. Finally, the junta took their draft constitution to a referendum on August 7, 2016. The draft was protested by pro-democracy wings, many of whom were later charged for violation of martial law. They even added whether the senate could vote for the PM to the referendum. Even though there were ‘Vote No’ campaigns to the draft, the constitution passed referendum.In October 2016 Thailand’s King Bhumibol passed after a long illness and a national mourning ceremony was scheduled; all political activities were postponed including the constitution promulgation. King Vajiralongkorn, however, requested to revise a chapter on the monarchy before signing the constitution. The revised constitution allowed the King to leave the country without first appointing a regent. Besides, the 2017 constitution took Thailand back to a quarter-democratic regime, in which 250 appointed Senators could cast their votes for the PM. The Senate become a political party that could vote for the PM, which essentially meant it could literally steal the general election. The new constitution introduced a new proportional representative system to make sure that the Pheu Thai Party would not win the election by limiting the possible maximum number of seats in parliament.
After the 2019 election, the Pheu Thai Party won its maximum number of 136 seats, meaning it would still not have any proportional representative, Palang Pracharat Party (PLP, the junta’s party) won 115 and the Future Forward Party (FFP) won 80. The opposition coalition supported FFP leader Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit in his bid to be PM but Thanathorn was barred from performing his duty as a representative since he was charged with holding shares in a media company, which was deemed unconstitutional. In July 2020 Prayuth Chan-o-cha became Prime Minister with support from the Palang Pracharat Party with votes from 250 senators. The former junta leader now emerged as PM with support from both Parliament and Senate.
Thanathorn’s case was not the final target as the Future Forward Party became the next one. The FFP was charged with plotting to overthrow the monarchy and it was deemed that a loan of money from Thanathorn was unconstitutional. On February 21, 2020 the Constitutional Court ruled that the loan violated campaign rules. The court also banned 16 senior party leaders from politics for 10 years. As a result, the dissolution of the FFP and banning leading FFP members weakened the opposition coalition.
Youths Rise Up
The dissolution of FFP triggered people’s anger as they witnessed what they saw as a series of unjust legal measures towards pro-democratic wings. The Thai youth not only felt that their votes were stolen but also prospective leaders. They felt that their future was taken by aristocratic and undemocratic ruling classes.On February 22, 2020, just a day after Thai youths started a flash mob, similar events spread widely both in Bangkok and other provinces. The flash mobs ended shortly before the widespread Covid-19 pandemic. But once the Covid-19 situation in Thailand improved, the youths came out again and started their demonstrations to call for the drafting of a new social contract –a new constitution by an elected body.
The flash mobs were coordinated by two major coalitions—the United Front of Thammasat and Demonstration (UFTD) and the Free People Movement (FPM). The two movements shared their demands with help from pro-democracy wings including former UDD members.
The United Front of Thammasat and Demonstration emphasizes its 10 demands to reform the monarchy5, whereas the Free People Movement calls for the end to intimidation of critics of the government, the drafting of a new constitution by elected council, and lastly the ending of the Senate and the dissolution of the House of Representatives. The group said it was also opposed to both coup attempts and the idea to have a royally appointed national government to break the political impasse.6
Human Rights Situation in Thailand
Since the NCPO came to power in 2014, there have been many cases of human rights violations and related issues:1) On forced disappearances.
After the 2014 coup, many UDD members fled to neighboring countries and broadcasted via online programs. However, there are reports that two internet radio disc jockeys went missing in 2016 and 2017. Another three DJs also went missing in 2018. The most outstanding case was when the bodies of two famous DJs were found floating in the Mekong river. The two men were known to have been accompanying Surachai Danwattananusorn who has also gone missing. In 2019, three anti Thai government activists Chucheep Chiwasut, Siam Theerawut, and Kritsana Thupthai were reported to have been seen in Vietnam.7 The latest case is Wanchalearm Satsaksit was abducted in broad daylight in Cambodia on June 4, 2020.8
2) On charges against activists
Since 2014, anti-government activists have been charged with violation of martial law and NCPO orders.9 But since the March 24, 2019 election, the Cyber-related Act has been used to slap activists and opposition leaders. The government also imposes strict use of the Public Assembly Act; the government pressed charges against anti-government activists for illegal assembly. When the Covid-19 pandemic starts, the government declared a state of emergency and applied the Emergency Decree on Public Administration to prevent public assembly and peaceful protest.10 As a result,
UFTM and FPM leaders were charged with sedition according to article 116 of Criminal Law. The accused activists were taken to criminal court and later released on bail.
What’s next
Under heavy restrictions and measures to stop the UFTM and FPM, the two movements keep pushing their agendas to draft a new constitution and call for reform of the monarchy. They have called for the next demonstration to be held on October 14, 2020, both to commemorate the October 14, 1973 uprising and to call for the government to resign and respond to their demands.
1 Thaksin Shinawatra. 2007. “'To Return to a Democratic Thailand”. Accessed September 28, 2020.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119015623106831667.
2 The Guardian Weekly. 2008. “Thaksin flees Thailand corruption trial and returns to exile in Britain”. Accessed September 28, 2020.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/11/thailand.
3 The New York Times. 2007. “Thai Court Orders Dissolution of Ex-Prime Minister’s Party”. Accessed September 28, 2020.
https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/30/world/asia/30iht-thai.5.5934187.html
4 Time. 2008. Thai Government Dissolved: Airports to Reopen? Accessed September 28, 2020.
http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1863247,00.html.
5 Prachatai. 2020. “The Demonstration at Thammasat Proposes Monarchy Reform. Accessed September 30, 2020.
https://prachatai.com/english/node/8709.
6 Bangkok Post. 2020. “Free People Group Reveals 3 Demands, Unveil Dream”. Accessed September 30, 2020.
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/1967087/free-people-group-stresses-three-demands-unveils-dream.
7 Amnesty International. 2020. “Thailand 2019”, Accessed September 30.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/thailand/report-thailand/.
8 BBC. 2020. Accessed September 30, “Wanchalearm Satsaksit: The Thai Satirist abducted in board daylight”.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53212932.
9 Human Rights Watch. 2020. Thailand Events of 2019, World Report 2020. Accessed September 30, 2020.
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/thailand.
10 Human Rights Watch. 2020. Thailand: State of Emergency Extension Unjustified. Accessed September 30, 2020.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/27/thailand-state-emergency-extension-unjustified.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119015623106831667.
2 The Guardian Weekly. 2008. “Thaksin flees Thailand corruption trial and returns to exile in Britain”. Accessed September 28, 2020.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/11/thailand.
3 The New York Times. 2007. “Thai Court Orders Dissolution of Ex-Prime Minister’s Party”. Accessed September 28, 2020.
https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/30/world/asia/30iht-thai.5.5934187.html
4 Time. 2008. Thai Government Dissolved: Airports to Reopen? Accessed September 28, 2020.
http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1863247,00.html.
5 Prachatai. 2020. “The Demonstration at Thammasat Proposes Monarchy Reform. Accessed September 30, 2020.
https://prachatai.com/english/node/8709.
6 Bangkok Post. 2020. “Free People Group Reveals 3 Demands, Unveil Dream”. Accessed September 30, 2020.
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/1967087/free-people-group-stresses-three-demands-unveils-dream.
7 Amnesty International. 2020. “Thailand 2019”, Accessed September 30.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/thailand/report-thailand/.
8 BBC. 2020. Accessed September 30, “Wanchalearm Satsaksit: The Thai Satirist abducted in board daylight”.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53212932.
9 Human Rights Watch. 2020. Thailand Events of 2019, World Report 2020. Accessed September 30, 2020.
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/thailand.
10 Human Rights Watch. 2020. Thailand: State of Emergency Extension Unjustified. Accessed September 30, 2020.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/27/thailand-state-emergency-extension-unjustified.
민주주의를 향한 태국의 쉽지 않은 여정: 젊은층의 반발과 목소리
판딧 찬로카나킷
태국 출라롱콘 대학교 교수
배경
태국의 민주주의는 2006년 9월 19일 쿠데타 이후 쇠퇴해 왔다. 2006년 군사정권은 당시 탁신 친나왓(Thaksin Shinawatra) 국무총리(타이락타이당 또는 TRT)를 축출했는데, 당시 그의 인지도는 높았으며 국내 개발도상지역들에서 하위 중산층의 지지를 많이 받고 있었다. 탁신 정부는 빈곤층과 하위 중산계층에 혜택을 주는 정책들을 많이 만들었는데, 예를 들어 30바트 의료보험 정책, 마을당 백만 바트 기금지원, 지역특산품(OTOP, One Tambon One Product) 프로그램 등이 있다. 이러한 프로그램들은 포퓰리즘 정책이란 비난을 받았고, 납세자들의 돈을 사용하여 투표수를 미리 가져가기 위해 고안된 정책이라는 평을 받았다. 탁신 정부는 부패하고, ‘의회 독재자’라는 이유로 비난 받았다. 탁신의 인기와 논란이 된 그의 정책에 대응해, 반대파들은 친군주 및 초왕정주의인 ‘국민민주주의연대’(PAD, People’s Alliance for Democracy)를 결성하고 노란색 셔츠를 입고 그에 대항하여 시위를 벌였다. 결국, 국가안전이사회(CNS, Council for National Security)는 2006년 9월 19일 탁신 친나왓 국무총리가 유엔에서 연설을 하기 위해 기다리고 있던 중에 쿠데타를 일으켰다. 그는 자신이 더 이상 권좌에 있지 않다는 것을 깨닫고 연설을 취소했다. 탁신은 여러 건의 부패 혐의로 기소되어 재판을 기다리고 있다가, 마침내 베이징 올림픽 개막식에 참석한 후 영원히 해외로 도피했다. 타이락타이당은 2006년 4월 헌법재판소가 최소 참여 요건을 충족하기 위해 소규모 정당에게 선거 출마비를 지급한 것이 유죄라고 판결하면서 해산되었다. 이에 따라 탁신 등 당 간부 110명은 5년간 정치활동이 금지됐다. 하지만, 전 타이락타이당 의원들은 사막 순다라벳(Samak Sundaravej)이 이끄는 ‘국민의힘’ 당(PPP, People’s Power Party)에 합류하였다. 국민의힘 당은 2007년 12월 23일 총선에서 233석을 얻었다. 삼막은 총리가 되었지만 재임 중 텔레비전의 요리 쇼에 출연하기 위해 출연료를 받아 헌법을 위반했다는 법원의 선고를 받았다. 그것으로 사막의 정치인 삶은 끝이 났고, 탁신의 처남 솜차이 웡사왓(Somchai Wongsawat)이 사막의 뒤를 이어 총리가 되었다. 하지만, 민주주의국민연대(PAD)는 솜차이가 쉽게 집권하도록 내버려 두지 않았고 의회와 정부본부를 봉쇄해 그의 사무실 진입을 막았다. 헌법재판소는 선거사기를 근거로 ‘국민의힘’당과 그의 연합당을 해체했다. 전 국민의힘당 의원들은 이후 새로운 ‘ 프어타이당(Pheu Thai Party)’을 창당했다. 법원의 판결은 민주당의 아피시트 웨차치와(Abhisit Vejajiva)가 차기 총리가 되는 길을 열어주었다. 국민의힘당(PPP, People’s Power Party) 지지자들은 그들의 표가 모든 탁신 사람들을 쓰러뜨리기 위해 태국 엘리트들이 의도한 일련의 공격에 빼앗겼다는 것을 깨달았다. 엄청난 불의를 느끼고, 국민의힘당 지지자들은 일명 빨간셔츠로 알려진 반독재 국가민주연합전선(UDD, United Front Democracy against Dictatorship)을 창설하고 아피시트 총리직 사퇴와 새로운 선거를 촉구하는 가두시위를 벌였다. 하지만, 아피시트 정부는 2010년 4월 10일과 5월 18일부터 21일까지 시위진압을 위한 군대를 배치했다. 그 결과 100명 이상이 사망하고 2,000명이 부상을 당했다. 아피시트 정부는 2011년 7월 2일 총선을 앞두고 2010년 말 의회를 해산시켰다. 탁신의 여동생, 잉락 친나왓(Yingluck Shinawatra)은 프어타이당(Pheu Thai Party)을 이끌고 선거에서 승리하고, 그녀는 태국의 첫 번째 여성총리가 되었다. 잉락 정부는 2013년 말 포괄적사면 법안을 발의하면서 이 법안 초안이 모든 당사자들을 만족시킬 것이라고 생각했지만, 오히려 반정부 운동을 촉발시켰다. 반탁신과 잉락 연합, 이른바 국민민주개혁위원회(PDRC, People’s Democratic Reform Commission)가 거리를 장악하고 수개월간 관공서를 봉쇄하면서, 군의 개입과 잉락정부를 축출할 것을 요구했다. 잉락은 2013년 12월 10일 사퇴하고 2014년 2월 2일 총선을 요구했지만, 국민민주개혁위원회(PDRC, People’s Democratic Reform Commission)는 만족하지 못했다. 그들은 탁신 정권을 끝내기 위해 지지자들에게 투표소 봉쇄를 요구했다. 태국 전체 77개 지방 중 절반 이상인 59개의 지방이 차질 없이 투표소 100% 개설을 진행했지만, 헌법재판소는 총선이 무효라고 했다. 임시정부는 새로운 날짜의 선거를 요구할 수 밖에 없었다. 결국, 군 수뇌부들로 구성된 국가평화질서유지위원회(NCPO, the National Council for Peace and Order)는 2014년 5월 22일 쿠데타를 일으켰다.4분의 1 민주주의: 헌법이라는 가면을 쓴 태국
군정의 지도자인 쁘라윳 짠오차(Prayuth Chan-ocha)는 그들의 첫 번째 계획이 2015년에 민간 정부로 복귀하는 것이라고 발표했다. 그러나 헌법 초안은 국회를 만족시키지 못해 무산됐다. 새로운 초안 위원회가 설치되고, 일찍이 여러 정권에서 일했던 명망 있고 경험이 많은 인물인 메차이 루슈판(Meechai Ruechupan)이 이끌었다. 그 동안 군정은 국제사회의 압박을 받으면서도 민주주의 복귀 추진계획을 계속 연기했다. 마침내, 군정은 2016년 8월 7일 헌법 초안을 국민투표에 부쳤다. 이 초안은 민주주의 운동가들의 항의를 받았으며, 이들 중 상당수는 나중에 계엄령 위반으로 기소되었다. 그들은 심지어 상원이 국민투표에 PM을 투표할 수 있는지 여부도 덧붙였다. 초안에 대해 '투표 거부' 운동이 있었음에도 그 헌법은 국민투표를 통과했다.2016년 10월 오랜 지병으로 태국 푸미폰(Bhumibol) 국왕이 죽은 후, 국가 애도식이 예정돼 있어 헌법 공포 등 모든 정치 활동이 연기됐다. 그러나 마하 와치라롱꼰(Vajiralongkorn) 국왕은 헌법에 서명하기 전에 ‘군주제’에 대한 조문을 수정해 줄 것을 요청했다. 개정된 헌법은 왕이 사전 섭정 임명 없이 국외로 나갈 수 있도록 허락했다. 게다가, 2017년 헌법은 250명의 지명된 상원의원들이 총리 선거에 참여할 수 있는 4분의 1짜리 민주정권으로 되돌려 놓았다. 상원이 총리를 뽑을 수 있는 정당이 된다는 것인데, 본질적으로, 말 그대로 총선을 훔칠 수 있다는 것을 의미했다. 새 헌법은 의회 내 가능한 최대 의석 수를 제한함으로써 프어타이당(Pheu Thai Party)이 선거에서 승리하지 못하도록 하기 위해 새로운 비례대표제를 도입했다.
2019년 선거 이후, 프어타이당(Pheu Thai Party)은 최대 136석을 얻어 여전히 비례대표가 없다는 것을 의미했고, 팔랑쁘라차랏당(Palang Pracharat Party, PLP, 군정당)은 115석, 새미래당(Future Forward Party, FFP)은 80석을 얻었다. 야당 연합은 미래전진당(Future Forward Party, FFP) 위원장 타나 툰 주앙 룽 그랑 킷(Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit)을 총리 후보로 지지했으나, 타나툰은 언론사 주식 보유 혐의로 기소되어 대표로서의 직무를 수행할 수 없게 되어 위헌으로 판결되었다. 2020년 7월 쁘라윳 짠오차(Prayuth Chan-ocha)는 상원의원 250명의 투표로 팔랑 팔랑쁘라차랏당(Palang Pracharat Party)당의 지지로 총리가 되었다. 전 군정 지도자는 이제 상하 양원의 지지로 총리로 부상했다.
타나툰 사건은 최종 표적이 아니었고 새미래당(Future Forward Party, FFP)이 그 다음이 되었다. 새미래당(Future Forward Party, FFP)은 군주제를 전복하려는 음모를 꾸민 혐의로 기소되었고, 타나툰으로부터 돈을 빌린 것은 위헌으로 간주되었다. 2020년 2월 21일 헌법재판소는 그 대출이 선거 규칙을 위반했다고 판결했다. 법원은 또 16명의 당 고위 지도자들의 정치 활동을 10년간 금지했다. 그 결과 새미래당(Future Forward Party, FFP)을 해체하고 당 지도부 활동 금지로 야권 연합은 약화되었다.
젊은 층의 반발
새미래당(Future Forward Party, FFP)의 해체는 국민들이 친민주주의파에 대한 부당한 일련의 법적 조치들을 목격하면서 그들의 분노를 촉발시켰다. 태국 젊은이들은 자신들의 투표권뿐만 아니라, 미래의 지도자들까지 도둑맞았다고 느꼈다. 그들은 자신들의 미래가 귀족적이고 비민주적인 지배계급에 의해 빼앗겼다고 느끼고 있었다.태국 젊은이들이 플래시몹을 시작한 지 하루 만인 2020년 2월 22일 방콕과 다른 지방에서도 비슷한 행사가 널리 퍼졌다. 플래시몹은 코로나(Covid-19)의 대유행 직전에 끝났다. 그러나 태국의 코로나 상황이 개선되자, 젊은이들은 다시 거리로 나와 새로운 사회 계약 초안, 즉 선출된 기구에 의한 새로운 헌법을 요구하는 시위를 시작했다.
플래시몹은 두 개의 주요 연합인 학생운동단체 UFTD(United Front of Thammasat and Demonstration)’와 ‘자유민족운동(the Free People Movement, FPM)’에 의해 조직화되었다. 두 운동은 예전 반독재 국가민주연합전선(UDD, United Front Democracy against Dictatorship) 회원들을 포함한 민주화 운동가들의 도움을 받아 그들의 요구를 공유했다.
학생운동단체 UFTD(United Front of Thammasat and Demonstration)’는 군주제 개혁 10가지 요구를 강조하고 있는 반면, 자유민족운동(the Free People Movement, FPM)은 반정부 인사 탄압 중지와 선출된 의회의 새 헌법 입안, 마지막으로 상원과 하원 해산을 요구했다. 이 단체는 또한 쿠데타 시도, 그리고 정치적 난국을 타개하기 위해 입헌군주제를 하겠다는 생각에 반대한다고 말했다.