Eradicating Authoritarianism Through International Solidarity
Uju Peace Okeke
Centre for Mmadu, Nigeria
Political Participation is defined as “a series of voluntary activities through which members of a society share in the direct or indirect selection of rulers and formation of public policy and the active engagement by individuals and groups with the governmental processes that affect their lives.3” Its importance cannot be over emphasized as decision in the choice of government affects the enjoyment of other human rights. Its recognition by important documents is not surprising, beginning with the foremost international human rights instrument, the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR)4, in article 21. Being that the UDHR is unenforceable, other enforceable treaties protect its provisions. For instance, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)5 in article 25 furthers the provisions of the UDHR on political participation by including right to participate as a voter and to represent as a candidate. Article 7 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)6, related the provisions of UDHR and ICCPR to women, enjoining states to take all appropriate measures in elimination discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country on equal terms with men. Different regions of the earth like Africa7 and Asia8 recognize the right to political participation, same for national constitutions.9
Unfortunately, in recent years the world is witnessing a worrisome global tide of authoritarianism that will affect even established democracies. In 2018, Democracy Watchdog, Freedom House published a year-end report stating that “seventy-one out of the world’s one hundred and ninety-five countries saw their democratic institutions erode in recent years”. Authoritarianism is one of the opposites of constitutional democracy, characterized by chronic shortcoming of narrowed political pluralism, inadequate democratic institutions, denied fundamental rights, shortfall of constitutional checks and balances and oppression of non-governmental organizations and citizens. It occurs mainly because some elected leaders expand their executive powers thereby weakening the legislature and judiciary. When this happens, the effects are always very negative as democracy and economy of the country are the worse for it. The reasons include the fact that in a democracy, economic policy is to be made jointly by various elected officials from the different arms of government and when the legislature is sidelined, there is little to prevent authoritarian leaders from making bad choices. Again whenever there is democratic backslide and the elected leaders turn authoritarian, investors get nervous, withdrawing funds and reducing in investments which in turn leads to job loss and unemployment. Further, it sometimes leads to social unrest because in the face of authoritarianism the only way for citizens to air their grievances is on the streets. This will result in violence against persons, loss of lives and properties, breach of peace especially as peace is the absence of violence.10
Authoritarianism, being anti-development and anti-human rights, is a cancer eating up many countries and if it goes unchecked, it will consume the world. Thus requiring personal and collective actions11 through international solidarity and, if international relations, peaceful co-existence, international law greater wellbeing of others, and everything we desire for a fulfilling life, achieved so far must be sustained.
References:
- ASEAN Human Rights Declaration signed on 20 November 2007, entered into force 15 December 2008 <https://asean.org/asean-human-rights-declaration/> (accessed 2 November 2020) article 25
- Constitution of the Republic of Korea 1987 <http://www.asianlii.org/kr/legis/const/1987/index.html> (accessed 2 November 2020) articles 24 & 25. CWGL Intersections of Violence Against Women and Militarism https://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/docman/violence-against-women-publications/387-intersectionsvaw-militarism-pdf-1/file
- Understanding and challenging authoritarianism https://www.tni.org/en/publication/understanding-and-challenging-authoritarianism
1 JW Van Deth ‘What is Political Participation?’
<https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-68> (accessed 2 November)
2 Political Participation
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/political-participation(accessed2Novermber2020).
3 I suleiman ‘The Role of Women towards Political Participation in Nigeria’ 1(1)American Economic & Social Review 2017.
4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted and proclaimed by UN Gerneral Assembly Resolution 217A(Ⅲ)(December10,1948)
5 Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A(ⅩⅩⅠ) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976.
6 Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979, entry into force 3 September 1981.
7 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Right. Adopted in 1981 OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 Rev. 5, 21 ILM 588(1982), entered into force 21 October, 1986, ar 13.
8 ASEAN Human Rights Declaration signed on 20 November 2007, entered into force 15 December 2008
<https://asean.org/asean-human-rights-declaration/> (accessed 2 November 2020) article 25.
9 Constitution of the Republic of Korea 1987
<http://www.asianlii.org/kr/legis/const/1987/index.html> (accessed 2 November 2020) articles 24 & 25.
10 CWGL Intersections of Violence Against Women and Militarism
https://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/docman/violence-against-women-publications/387-intersectionsvaw-militarism-pdf-1/file
11 Understanding and challenging authoritarianism
https://www.tni.org/en/publication/understanding-and-challenging-authoritarianism
<https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-68> (accessed 2 November)
2 Political Participation
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/political-participation(accessed2Novermber2020).
3 I suleiman ‘The Role of Women towards Political Participation in Nigeria’ 1(1)American Economic & Social Review 2017.
4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted and proclaimed by UN Gerneral Assembly Resolution 217A(Ⅲ)(December10,1948)
5 Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A(ⅩⅩⅠ) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976.
6 Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979, entry into force 3 September 1981.
7 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Right. Adopted in 1981 OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 Rev. 5, 21 ILM 588(1982), entered into force 21 October, 1986, ar 13.
8 ASEAN Human Rights Declaration signed on 20 November 2007, entered into force 15 December 2008
<https://asean.org/asean-human-rights-declaration/> (accessed 2 November 2020) article 25.
9 Constitution of the Republic of Korea 1987
<http://www.asianlii.org/kr/legis/const/1987/index.html> (accessed 2 November 2020) articles 24 & 25.
10 CWGL Intersections of Violence Against Women and Militarism
https://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/docman/violence-against-women-publications/387-intersectionsvaw-militarism-pdf-1/file
11 Understanding and challenging authoritarianism
https://www.tni.org/en/publication/understanding-and-challenging-authoritarianism
국제 연대를 통한 권위주의 근절
Uju Peace Okeke
Centre for Mmadu, Nigeria
정치 참여는 “사회 구성원이 직접 또는 간접적으로 통치자를 선택하고, 공공 정책을 형성하며 개인 또는 단체가 자신의 삶에 미치는 정부 절차에 적극적으로 참여하는 일련의 자발적인 행동”으로 정의된다. 정부의 정책 결정은 다른 인권의 향유에 영향을 미치기 때문에 그 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않다. 가장 중요한 문서인 세계 인권 선언(UDHR)의 제21조를 시작으로, 각종 중요한 문서에서의 인권에 대한 인식은 전혀 놀랍지 않다. 그러나 세계 인권 선언은 강제성이 없기 때문에, 다른 강제성이 있는 조약들이 세계 인권 선언의 조항을 보장해준다. 가령 예를 들어, 시민적 및 정치적 권리에 관한 국제규약(ICCPR) 의 제25조는 유권자로 참여하고 후보자로 대표할 수 있는 권리를 포함한 정치 참여에 대한 세계 인권 선언의 조항을 보강해준다. 여성에 대한 모든 형태의 차별 철폐에 관한 협약(CEDAW) 의 제7조는 여성에 대한 UDHR 및 ICCPR 과 관련한 조항들로, 국가가 여성에 대한 차별을 철폐해 남성과 동등한 조건에서 여성의 정치 및 공적 생활을 할 수 있도록 적절한 조치를 취하도록 촉구한다. 아프리카 와 아시아 와 같은 지구상의 다른 지역들은 국가 헌법에 마찬가지로 정치 참여권을 인정하고 있다.
하지만 안타깝게도, 최근 몇 년 동안 세계는 기성 민주주의 국가에도 영향을 미치는 범세계적인 권위주의의 우려 스러운 흐름을 목격하고 있다. 2018년에 Democracy Watchdog, Freedom House는 “최근 몇 년간 전세계 195개국 중 71개국에서 민주주의 제도가 후퇴하는 것을 목격했다”는 보고서를 냈다. 권위주의는 좁혀진 정치적 다원주의, 불충분한 민주주의 제도, 기본권 거부, 헌법 견제와 균형의 부족, 비정부 기구와 시민들의 억압이라는 특징으로, 헌법적 민주주의에 반대하는 개념이다. 이는 주로 선출된 일부 지도자가 행정 권한을 확대하고자 입법부와 사법부를 약화시키기 때문에 주로 발생한다. 이런 일이 발생하면 국가의 민주주의와 경제는 악화되며 그 영향은 무척 부정적이다. 그 이유로는 민주주의에서 경제 정책은 정부의 여러 부서에서 선출된 여러 공무원들이 공동으로 만들어야 한다는 사실과 입법부가 소외되었을 때 권위주의 지도자들이 그릇된 선택을 해도 이를 막을 수 없다는 사실 때문이다. 민주주의가 후퇴를 하고 선출된 지도자가 권위주의적으로 변할 때마다 투자자들은 불안해하며 자금을 회수하고 투자를 줄이며 이는 결국 실직과 실업으로 이어진다. 또한 권위주의에 직면한 시민들이 불만을 표명할 수 있는 유일한 방법은 거리에 나가는 것이기 때문에 이는 사회적 불안으로 이어진다. 이는 사람에 대한 폭력, 인명 및 재산의 손실인 평화의 부재, 즉 폭력으로 이어진다.
개발의 후퇴와 반인권과 권위주의라는 암은 많은 나라를 약화시키며 이 흐름으로 간다면 전세계에 심각한 영향을 미칠 것이다. 따라서 국제적 연대를 통한 개인 및 집단적 행동을 요구하고, 국제 관계, 평화적 공존, 국제법, 시민에 대한 더 큰 복지 그리고 우리가 성취감을 갖는 삶을 쟁취하기 위해 모두가 합심해야한다.